> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.andymark.com/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.andymark.com/frc-build/getting-started/structure/manufacturing.md). # Manufacturing How do I... make parts for my robot by using the types of structure from the previous section? Here's your essential information on materials, subtractive and additive manufacturing techniques, and hardware standardization to help them build their robots {% embed url="" %} ## Subtractive The basics include cutting (band saws, hacksaws, or cold saws) and drilling (hand drills or drill presses). Advanced teams use CNC routers, mills, and lathes for increased accuracy and speed. #### Manual Manufacturing Cutting: The most fundamental step. Common tools include the band saw for versatility, the hacksaw for simple cuts with a metal blade, and the chop saw for quick vertical cuts. Marking: Professionals use a Sharpie for rough layouts and a scribe for high-precision lines. When cutting, always account for the thickness of both your marking tool and the saw blade to ensure accuracy—know which side of the line is your final part and which is scrap. Drilling: Used for creating holes for fasteners or weight reduction. While hand drills work for prototyping, a drill press offers better control. To prevent the drill bit from wandering (a common issue with hand drilling), you should always center punch your mark before drilling. #### Advanced Computer-Controlled Machining CNC Routers: Excellent for cutting complex profiles designed in CAD. While expensive, teams often outsource this work to online services or partner with local businesses if they lack in-house equipment. Mills: These utilize rotating cutters, such as endmills, to machine material. They are ideal for creating precise rows of holes or flattening rough surfaces. Lathes: These spin the raw material—such as hubs or shaft stock—to create a consistent, round profile. Lathes are specifically useful for tasks like adding tapped holes to the ends of shafts to help retain them. ## Additive 3D printing allows for complex part geometries that are otherwise impossible to machine. While versatile, teams should be mindful of material strength trade-offs, often using carbon fiber-filled filaments for structural parts. Welding is generally discouraged due to the difficulty of repairing aluminum during competitions. Process: This method uses a computer-controlled nozzle to extrude hot plastic layer by layer. It is highly valued for creating complex geometries that would be physically impossible to machine using traditional subtractive tools. Design Flexibility: If you can design it in CAD, you can generally 3D print it. This makes it perfect for creating custom brackets, roller assemblies, and intricate components. Strength Considerations: 3D printed parts are only as strong as their base material. While you can save weight by using infill settings to create hollow interiors, teams should be mindful of structural requirements. Using advanced materials like carbon fiber-filled filaments can provide significantly more strength than standard PLA. Welding: While welding is a form of additive manufacturing, we recommend avoiding it for FRC robots. Welding aluminum is technically challenging, and more importantly, you cannot perform repairs via welding during a competition. If a welded part fails, your team may not have the resources or time to fix it at an event.